According to philosopher of science Kuhn (1962), research takes place within paradigms. These are scientific findings that are recognized by the scientific community as the foundation for further work and that are summarized in textbooks. The development of science takes place in a cyclical pattern: Kuhn (1962) made a distinction between ‘‘normal science’’, which is guided […]
TOK
Evolution of scientific knowledge
The history of science has produced several general theories about how science develops and evolves over long periods of time. A 19th century view is that of Auguste Comte, who argued that there is a hierarchy of the sciences, from the most general (astronomy), followed historically and in other ways by physics, chemistry, biology, and […]
Science vs Pseudoscience
The word “pseudo” means fake. The surest way to spot a fake is to know as much as possible about the real thing—in this case, about science itself. Knowing science does not mean simply knowing scientific facts (such as the distance from earth to sun, the age of the earth, the distinction between mammal and […]
Correlation – Causation
We experience the world in a time-oriented manner through cause and effect. We get into trouble when the mind seeks or creates an artificial cause/effect relationship that doesn’t actually exist. After something especially beneficial or harmful occurs, we want to know what caused it. We tend to focus on the first action we noticed before the […]
Induction
From The Oxford English Dictionary (OED); to induce (in relation to science and logic) means “to derive by reasoning, to lead to something as a conclusion, or inference, to suggest or imply,” and induction “as the process of inferring a general law or principle from observation of particular instances.” Science is all about predicting the […]
Problems with observation
The need for reproducibility requires that observations by different observers can be comparable. Human sense impressions are subjective and qualitative making them difficult to record or compare. Measurement reduces an observation to a number which can be recorded, and two observations which result in the same number are equal within the resolution of the process. […]
The Scientific Method
As a process, certain rules must be followed, but there is NO one “scientific method”, contrary to its popular treatment in textbooks. The rules of science are intended to make the process as objective as is humanly possible, and thereby produce a degree of understanding that is as close to reality as possible. Challenging itself […]
Science in our society
The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. For many people science and scientific method are two BEST ways of gaining […]
Şaka Yapmak Bir Beceridir
Gülmek için en iyi ilaçtır derler, bu konuda haksız da değiller: Gülmek immun sisteminizi güçlendirirken, motivasyonunuzu arttırır, iyileştirir, fiziksel veya psikolojik acının etkisini hafifletir, kabullenmeyi kolaylaştırır, öfkeyi azaltır. Eğer bizimki gibi, gülmenin insanın toplumsal ilişkilerdeki ağırlığını azalttığını düşünen toplumsal bir bakış açısından geliyorsanız, düzenli gülen bir insanın toplumca dışlandığını sanabilirsiniz. Ancak araştırmalar gösteriyor ki, gülen […]